Corrections are issued when significant errors affecting the accuracy or interpretation of a published article are identified. Corrections are linked to the original article and published promptly to maintain the integrity of the scientific record.

Retraction and Republication

Retraction and republication may be appropriate when an article contains substantial errors that significantly affect the interpretation of the findings but can be corrected through publication of a revised version. The original article will remain part of the scientific record, clearly marked as retracted, while the republished article will identify and explain the changes made.

Retractions

Retractions are issued when the findings or conclusions of a published article are no longer reliable because of major errors, research misconduct, fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or other serious breaches of publication ethics.

Retractions may be requested by the authors, initiated by the editors, or recommended following an institutional or ethical investigation. Each case is evaluated individually in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). COPE Guidelines on retraction  COPE Guidelines on retraction Retracted articles remain publicly available and are clearly identified as retracted to preserve the integrity of the scientific record.